toLowerCase() internally calls toLowerCase(Locale locale). Same is the case for toUpperCase().

So, how to do that? First you need to download the tag library file (rssutils.tld, rssutils.jar) from Sun’s website. Here is the url to download it. Put the files rssutils.tld and rssutils.jar in WEB-INF/lib directory of your web application.
After that, choose a blog or website who publishes its rss feeds to users, and get the url of its rss feed. In below example, I have used the rss feed url of this blog. Please find the attached file here and save it with .jsp extension (rssTest.jsp)
You can use tag also to read content in a loop.
For a small tutorial on rss taglib, go here

To know what RSS is, go here

Here DayEnum is a enum and DayClass is class for that enum.

enum DayEnum {
SUNDAY, MONDAY
}
class DayClass {

String value;

public DayClass (String str)

{

value=str;

}

static DayClass SUNDAY, MONDAY;

static

{

SUNDAY = new DayClass(“SUNDAY”);

MONDAY = new DayClass(“MONDAY”);

}

}

public class Test

{

public static void main(String args[])

{

DayClass dayClass = DayClass.SUNDAY;

DayEnum dayEnum = DayEnum.SUNDAY;

System.out.print(“dayClass “+dayClass.value+” \n dayEnum “+dayEnum);

}

}

Here SUNDAY, MONDAY are similar to static objects of Day if Day were a class.

We use enum as:
DayEnum day = DayEnum.SUNDAY;

enums are like constants. To simulate that, I have used value in DayClass. So every object of DayClass has an integer value associated with it.


import java.util.*;

String s2= ob.getString();
System.out.println(s2);
s2="changed";
String s3= ob.getString();
System.out.println(s3);
}
}


When you run this code,the output is:

[Hello]
[Hello, Hi]
My string
My string

You can see that content of list has been changed, but for string, they are not changed.So you can change the list object even if it is private.It is because the getList() method returns the reference to the same list object, so we can modify the list even if it is private.Now if you think that it is some loophole or bug of java,the you are wrong.It is just a simple basic concept of reference type variables.

Now, what should you do to avoid this thing. You have to modify the getList() method so that it returns the clone of list, not the actual list object.Here is the solution:

public ArrayList getList()
{
return (ArrayList) list.clone();
}

clone() will return the clone of object, not the actual list. Return type of clone() is Object, so we have to typecast it to ArrayList. Any modification done from the reference returned by this method will not change the actual one.DFor more information on clone() method,
go here.

class AClass
{
int i; //primitive type
List alist; //reference type
}
For more on types, click here

Well, lets return on the original topic.When we make a clone of an object, the primitive type variables are copied in the new clone object, but for the reference type variables,only the reference is copied, not the original instance.For example, if we create the clone of above class’s object,there will be only one List object, and both object will have a reference to this.Here is what I tried:

public class ClassToClone {
ArrayList list;
public ClassToClone(ArrayList list)
{
this.list=list;
}

protected Object clone()
{
try{
return super.clone();
}
catch(CloneNotSupportedException e)
{
return null;
}
}
}

To test it:
public class TestClone {
public static void main(String args[])
{
ClassToClone c1,c2;
ArrayList arraylist= new ArrayList();
arraylist.add("Hello");
c1= new ClassToClone(arraylist);
c2 = (ClassToClone)c1.clone();
c1.list.add("Hi"); //change contents of the list of c1
System.out.print(c1.list.toString());
System.out.print(c2.list.toString()); // prints the list of both objects
}
}

When you run this program, you will see that on changing the list of c1, list of c2 is also changed and they both have the same content.
To avoid this problem, you have to explicitly clone the reference type variables. In ClassToClone, repalce clone() method by this:

protected Object clone()
{
try{
ClassToClone aobj = (ClassToClone)super.clone();
aobj.s = (ArrayList)list.clone();
//explicit call to clone() for arraylist
return aobj;

}
catch(CloneNotSupportedException e)
{
return null;
}
}

Here we have explicitly cloned the arraylist.Now a new list will be created for clone object.Now changes done in c1.list do not reflect in c2.list.You can try this by yourself.But remember,clone() can be called only if the class implements Cloneable interface, otherwise we get CloneNotSupportedException.Here class ArrayList implements this interface.
Here and here is a great article to read on object cloning.

public class ClassToClone implements Cloneable {
int i;
public ClassToClone(int i)
{
this.i=i;
}
protected Object clone()
{
try
{
return super.clone();
}
catch(CloneNotSupportedException e)
{
return null;
}
} //end of clone method
}//end of class

clone() in Object has protected access. So we have to override the clone() and call super.clone() from it(As Object is duperclass of every class).To ensure that our class is cloneable,i.e. it supports cloning functionality, it has to implement java.lang.Cloneable interface.Cloneable inteface does not have any method inside it.It is just a markup interface, used to tell other classes that our class supports cloning.
Now a small note on how it works.When clone() of Object class is called on an object, a new object is created of that class and all the attribute’s values are copied from original to new object.
Now because these two objects are different,calling (obj1==obj2) will give false.
Here and here is a great article about object cloning.

C:\Documents and Settings\chirag.jain\Desktop>javac LargeCode.java
LargeCode.java:3: code too large
void largeMethod()
1 error

So does the java compiler inforces any limitation on the size of the code? The answer is yes, and that boundary is 65536 Bytes. This limitation is not on the size of whole file, but on a single method.
Now lets us delve a bit in the details. When we compile a java source file(.java file), compiler produces the byte code in .class file. When the size of the byte code of a single method crosses 65536 bytes, the compiler is not able to compile that method, and gives “code too large” error for that particular method.
Now here is one thing to notice. The overall size of your class file can grow more than 65536 bytes, but the byte code for a single method should not be more than this. Notice that here I am getting this error for a method named largeMethod(), not for the whole file.
Now for the folks who want to try this by themselves. First thing is how would you generate such a large amount of code. Although there are some code generation tools like Groovy, but these are for large projects. To try it by yourselves, you can do what I did. Here is my code:

import java.io.*;

class WriteFile
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
BufferedWriter bw=null;
try{
File f= new File(“LargeCode.java”);
FileWriter fr= new FileWriter(f);
bw= new BufferedWriter(fr);
String s= “System.out.println(\”hello\”);”;
for(int i=0;i<10000;i++)
{
bw.write(s);
}

bw.close();

}
catch(Exception e) { }
}
}

Here I have generated a new file using java IO API. It writes the statement
System.out.println(“hello”);
10,000 times in a separate file. Now you can add other things (class name, method name) to compile the program. If you write the whole code in a single method, you will get the error.

String str=”hello”;
willl go to String literal pool managed by String class and will reuse the “hello” string if it is already present, otherwise creates new “hello” in pool.
String str=new String(“hello”)
every time creates new object in heap.

Garbage collector never looks in String literal pool. String literal pool is also a part of heap memory.

So:

String s1 = “hello”;
String s2 = “hello”;
System.out.println(s1==s2); // true.

Object s2 is the same object with s1. But if you create using new operator:

String s1 = “hello”;
String s2 = new String(“hello”);
System.out.println(s1==s2);//false
Here is a great article about Strings.

Scanner scanner = new Scanner(System.in);

If input is String:

String string= scanner.nextLine();//to read input as a whole line

or

String string= scanner.next(); // to read single word

To read integers:

int i= scanner.nextInt();

Here is an article helpful on Scanner.